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<appendix id="svn.forcvs">
  <title>Subversion for CVS Users</title>

  <para>This appendix is a guide for CVS users new to Subversion.
    It's essentially a list of differences between the two systems
    as <quote>viewed from 10,000 feet.</quote>  For each section, we
    provide references to relevant chapters when
    possible.</para>

  <para>Although the goal of Subversion is to take over the current
    and future CVS user base, some new features and design changes
    were required to fix certain <quote>broken</quote> behaviors
    that CVS had.  This means that, as a CVS user, you may need to
    break habits&mdash;ones that you forgot were odd to begin
    with.</para>


  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <sect1 id="svn.forcvs.revnums">
    <title>Revision Numbers Are Different Now</title>

    <para>In CVS, revision numbers are per file.  This is because CVS
      stores its data in RCS files; each file has a corresponding RCS
      file in the repository, and the repository is roughly laid out
      according to the structure of your project tree.</para>

    <para>In Subversion, the repository looks like a single
      filesystem.  Each commit results in an entirely new filesystem
      tree; in essence, the repository is an array of trees.  Each of
      these trees is labeled with a single revision number.  When
      someone talks about <quote>revision 54</quote>, he's talking
      about a particular tree (and indirectly, the way the filesystem
      looked after the 54th commit).</para>

    <para>Technically, it's not valid to talk about <quote>revision 5
      of <filename>foo.c</filename>.</quote>  Instead, one would say
      <quote><filename>foo.c</filename> as it appears in revision
      5.</quote>  Also, be careful when making assumptions about the
      evolution of a file.  In CVS, revisions 5 and 6 of
      <filename>foo.c</filename> are always different.  In Subversion,
      it's most likely that <filename>foo.c</filename> did
      <emphasis>not</emphasis> change between revisions 5 and
      6.</para>

    <para>Similarly, in CVS, a tag or branch is an annotation on the
      file or on the version information for that individual file,
      whereas in Subversion, a tag or branch is a copy of an entire
      tree (by convention, into the <filename>/branches</filename>
      or <filename>/tags</filename> directories that appear at the top
      level of the repository, beside <filename>/trunk</filename>).  In
      the repository as a whole, many versions of each file may be
      visible: the latest version on each branch, every tagged
      version, and of course the latest version on the trunk
      itself.  So, to refine the terms even further, one would often
      say <quote><filename>foo.c</filename> as it appears in
      <filename>/branches/REL1</filename> in revision
      5.</quote></para>

    <para>For more details on this topic, see <xref
      linkend="svn.basic.in-action.revs" />.</para>

  </sect1>

  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <sect1 id="svn.forcvs.directories">
    <title>Directory Versions</title>
    
    <para>Subversion tracks tree structures, not just file contents.
      It's one of the biggest reasons Subversion was written to
      replace CVS.</para>

    <para>Here's what this means to you, as a former CVS user:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>The <command>svn add</command> and <command>svn
          delete</command> commands work on directories now, just as
          they work on files.  So do <command>svn copy</command> and
          <command>svn move</command>.  However, these commands do
          <emphasis>not</emphasis> cause any kind of immediate change
          in the repository.  Instead, the working items are simply
          <quote>scheduled</quote> for addition or deletion.  No
          repository changes happen until you run <userinput>svn
          commit</userinput>.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>Directories aren't dumb containers anymore; they have
          revision numbers like files.  (Or more properly, it's
          correct to talk about <quote>directory
          <filename>foo/</filename> in revision 5.</quote>)</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <para>Let's talk more about that last point.  Directory versioning
      is a hard problem; because we want to allow mixed-revision
      working copies, there are some limitations on how far we can
      abuse this model.</para>

    <para>From a theoretical point of view, we define <quote>revision
      5 of directory <filename>foo</filename></quote> to mean a
      specific collection of directory entries and properties.  Now
      suppose we start adding and removing files from
      <filename>foo</filename>, and then commit.  It would be a lie
      to say that we still have revision 5 of
      <filename>foo</filename>.  However, if we bumped
      <filename>foo</filename>'s revision number after the commit,
      that would be a lie too; there may be other changes to
      <filename>foo</filename> we haven't yet received, because we
      haven't updated yet.</para>
    
    <para>Subversion deals with this problem by quietly tracking
      committed adds and deletes in the <filename>.svn</filename>
      area.  When you eventually run <userinput>svn update</userinput>,
      all accounts are settled with the repository, and the
      directory's new revision number is set correctly.
      <emphasis>Therefore, only after an update is it truly safe to
      say that you have a <quote>perfect</quote> revision of a
      directory.</emphasis> Most of the time, your working copy will
      contain <quote>imperfect</quote> directory revisions.</para>
    
    <para>Similarly, a problem arises if you attempt to commit
      property changes on a directory.  Normally, the commit would
      bump the working directory's local revision number.  But again,
      that would be a lie, as there may be adds or deletes that
      the directory doesn't yet have, because no update has happened.
      <emphasis>Therefore, you are not allowed to commit
      property changes on a directory unless the directory is
      up to date.</emphasis></para>

    <para>For more discussion about the limitations of directory
      versioning, see <xref linkend="svn.basic.in-action.mixedrevs"/>.</para>

  </sect1>


  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <sect1 id="svn.forcvs.disconnected">
    <title>More Disconnected Operations</title>

    <para>In recent years, disk space has become outrageously cheap
      and abundant, but network bandwidth has not.  Therefore, the
      Subversion working copy has been optimized around the scarcer
      resource.</para>

    <para>The <filename>.svn</filename> administrative directory
      serves the same purpose as the <filename>CVS</filename>
      directory, except that it also stores read-only,
      <quote>pristine</quote> copies of your files.  This allows you
      to do many things offline:</para>
    
    <variablelist>
      
      <varlistentry>
        <term><command>svn status</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Shows you any local changes you've made (see <xref
            linkend="svn.tour.cycle.examine.status"/>)</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><command>svn diff</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Shows you the details of your changes (see <xref
            linkend="svn.tour.cycle.examine.diff"/>)</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><command>svn revert</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>Removes your local changes (see <xref
            linkend="svn.tour.cycle.revert"/>)</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

    </variablelist>

    <para>Also, the cached pristine files allow the Subversion client
      to send differences when committing, which CVS cannot do.</para>

    <para>The last subcommand in the list&mdash;<command>svn
      revert</command>&mdash;is new.  It will not only remove local
      changes, but also unschedule operations such as adds and
      deletes.  Although deleting the file and then running <userinput>svn
      update</userinput> will still work, doing so distorts the true
      purpose of updating.  And, while we're on this subject&hellip;

    </para>

  </sect1>

  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <sect1 id="svn.forcvs.status-vs-update">
    <title>Distinction Between Status and Update</title>


    <para>Subversion attempts to erase a lot of the confusion
      between the <command>cvs status</command> and
      <command>cvs update</command> commands.</para>

    <para>The <command>cvs status</command> command has two purposes:
      first, to show the user any local modifications in the working
      copy, and second, to show the user which files are out of date.
      Unfortunately, because of CVS's hard-to-read status output, many
      CVS users don't take advantage of this command at all.  Instead,
      they've developed a habit of running <userinput>cvs
      update</userinput> or <userinput>cvs -n update</userinput> to quickly
      see their changes.  If users forget to use
      the <option>-n</option> option, this has the side effect of
      merging repository changes they may not be ready to deal
      with.</para>

    <para>Subversion removes this muddle by making the output of
      <command>svn status</command> easy to read for both humans and
      parsers.  Also, <command>svn update</command> prints only
      information about files that are updated,
      <emphasis>not</emphasis> local modifications.</para>

    <sect2 id="svn.forcvs.status-vs-update.status">
      <title>Status</title>

      <para><command>svn status</command> prints all files that have
        local modifications.  By default, the repository is not
        contacted.  While this subcommand accepts a fair number of
        options, the following are the most commonly used ones:</para>

      <variablelist>
        <varlistentry>
          <term><option>-u</option></term>
          <listitem>
            <para>Contact the repository to determine, and then display,
              out-of-dateness information.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><option>-v</option></term>
          <listitem>
            <para>Show <emphasis>all</emphasis> entries under
              version control.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><option>-N</option></term>
          <listitem>
            <para>Run nonrecursively (do not descend into
              subdirectories).</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>

      <para>The <command>svn status</command> command has two output
        formats.  In the default <quote>short</quote> format, local
        modifications look like this:</para>

      <screen>
$ svn status
M      foo.c
M      bar/baz.c
</screen>

      <para>If you specify the <option>--show-updates</option>
        (<option>-u</option>) option, a longer output format is
        used:</para>

      <screen>
$ svn status -u
M            1047   foo.c
       *     1045   faces.html
       *            bloo.png
M            1050   bar/baz.c
Status against revision:   1066
</screen>

      <para>In this case, two new columns appear.  The second column
        contains an asterisk if the file or directory is out of date.
        The third column shows the working copy's revision number of the
        item.  In the previous example, the asterisk indicates that
        <filename>faces.html</filename> would be patched if we updated,
        and that <filename>bloo.png</filename> is a newly added file in
        the repository.  (The absence of any revision number next to
        <filename>bloo.png</filename> means that it doesn't yet exist in
        the working copy.)</para>

      <!-- ###TODO describe -v here as well as -uv. -u and -v use
           different <quote>long</quote> formats and need to be
           documented separately.  Moreover, as you can combine -u and
           -v, it needs to be explained what each of them does.  As -u is
           much more important than -v, and the example following that
           paragraph *is* about -u, not -v, my patch concentrated on
           that. -->

      <para>At this point, you should take a quick look at the list of
        all possible status codes in
        <xref linkend="svn.ref.svn.c.status"/>.  Here are a few of the
        more common status codes you'll see:</para>

      <screen>
A    Resource is scheduled for Addition
D    Resource is scheduled for Deletion
M    Resource has local Modifications
C    Resource has Conflicts (changes have not been completely merged
       between the repository and working copy version)
X    Resource is eXternal to this working copy (may come from another
       repository).  See <xref linkend="svn.advanced.externals" />
?    Resource is not under version control
!    Resource is missing or incomplete (removed by a tool other than
       Subversion)
</screen>

      <para>For a more detailed discussion of <command>svn
        status</command>, see <xref linkend="svn.tour.cycle.examine.status" />.</para>

    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="svn.forcvs.status-vs-update.update">
      <title>Update</title>

      <para><command>svn update</command> updates your working copy,
        and prints only information about files that it updates.</para>

      <para>Subversion has combined CVS's <literal>P</literal> and
        <literal>U</literal> codes into just <literal>U</literal>.  When
        a merge or conflict occurs, Subversion simply prints
        <literal>G</literal> or <literal>C</literal>, rather than a
        whole sentence about it.</para>

      <para>For a more detailed discussion of <command>svn
        update</command>, see <xref linkend="svn.tour.cycle.update" />.</para>

    </sect2>

  </sect1>

  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <sect1 id="svn.forcvs.branches-and-tags">
    <title>Branches and Tags</title>

    <para>Subversion doesn't distinguish between filesystem space and
      <quote>branch</quote> space; branches and tags are ordinary
      directories within the filesystem.  This is probably the single
      biggest mental hurdle that a CVS user will need to cross.  Read
      all about it in <xref linkend="svn.branchmerge"/>.</para>

    <warning>

      <para>Since Subversion treats branches and tags as ordinary
        directories, your project's various lines of development
        probably live in subdirectories of the main project directory.
        So remember to check out using the URL of the subdirectory
        that contains the particular line of development you want, not
        the project's root URL.  If you make the mistake of checking
        out the root of the project, you may very well wind up with a
        working copy that contains a complete copy of your project's
        content for each and every one of its branches and tags.
        <footnote>
          <para>That is, providing you don't run out of disk space
            before your checkout finishes.</para>
        </footnote>
      </para>
    </warning>

  </sect1>


  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <sect1 id="svn.forcvs.properties">
    <title>Metadata Properties</title>

    <para>A new feature of Subversion is that you can attach arbitrary
      metadata (or <quote>properties</quote>) to files and
      directories.  Properties are arbitrary name/value pairs
      associated with files and directories in your working
      copy.</para>
    
    <para>To set or get a property name, use the <command>svn
      propset</command> and <command>svn propget</command>
      subcommands.  To list all properties on an object, use
      <command>svn proplist</command>.</para>

    <para>For more information, see <xref linkend="svn.advanced.props"/>.</para>

  </sect1>

  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <sect1 id="svn.forcvs.conflicts">
    <title>Conflict Resolution</title>

    <para>CVS marks conflicts with inline <quote>conflict
      markers,</quote> and then prints a <literal>C</literal> during
      an update or merge operation.  Historically, this has caused
      problems, because CVS isn't doing enough.  Many users forget
      about (or don't see) the <literal>C</literal> after it whizzes
      by on their terminal.  They often forget that the conflict
      markers are even present, and then accidentally commit files
      containing those conflict markers.</para>


    <para>Subversion solves this problem in a pair of ways.  First,
      when a conflict occurs in a file, Subversion records the fact
      that the file is in a state of conflict, and won't allow you to
      commit changes to that file until you explicitly resolve the
      conflict.  Second, Subversion 1.5 provides interactive
      conflict resolution, which allows you to resolve conflicts as
      they happen instead of having to go back and do so after the
      update or merge operation completes.  See <xref
      linkend="svn.tour.cycle.resolve" /> for more about conflict
      resolution in Subversion.</para>

  </sect1>

  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <sect1 id="svn.forcvs.binary-and-trans">
    <title>Binary Files and Translation</title>

    <para>In the most general sense, Subversion handles binary files
      more gracefully than CVS does.  Because CVS uses RCS, it can
      only store successive full copies of a changing binary file.
      Subversion, however, expresses differences between files using a
      binary differencing algorithm, regardless of whether they
      contain textual or binary data.  That means all files are
      stored differentially (compressed) in the repository.</para>
    
    <para>CVS users have to mark binary files with
      <option>-kb</option> flags to prevent data from being
      garbled (due to keyword expansion and line-ending translations).
      They sometimes forget to do this.</para>

    <para>Subversion takes the more paranoid route.  First, it never
      performs any kind of keyword or line-ending translation unless
      you explicitly ask it to do so (see <xref
      linkend="svn.advanced.props.special.keywords"/> and <xref
      linkend="svn.advanced.props.special.eol-style"/> for more details).  By default,
      Subversion treats all file data as literal byte strings, and
      files are always stored in the repository in an untranslated
      state.</para>

    <para>Second, Subversion maintains an internal notion of whether a
      file is <quote>text</quote> or <quote>binary</quote> data, but
      this notion is <emphasis>only</emphasis> extant in the working
      copy.  During an <command>svn update</command>, Subversion will
      perform contextual merges on locally modified text files, but
      will not attempt to do so for binary files.</para>

    <para>To determine whether a contextual merge is possible,
      Subversion examines the <literal>svn:mime-type</literal>
      property.  If the file has no <literal>svn:mime-type</literal>
      property, or has a MIME type that is textual (e.g.,
      <literal>text/*</literal>),
      Subversion assumes it is text.  Otherwise, Subversion assumes
      the file is binary.  Subversion also helps users by running a
      binary-detection algorithm in the <command>svn import</command>
      and <command>svn add</command> commands.  These commands will
      make a good guess and then (possibly) set a binary
      <literal>svn:mime-type</literal> property on the file being
      added.  (If Subversion guesses wrong, the user can always remove
      or hand-edit the property.)</para>

  </sect1>

  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <sect1 id="svn.forcvs.modules">

    <title>Versioned Modules</title>

    <para>Unlike CVS, a Subversion working copy is aware that it has
      checked out a module.  That means if somebody changes the
      definition of a module (e.g., adds or removes components), a
      call to <command>svn update</command> will update the working
      copy appropriately, adding and removing components.</para>

    <para>Subversion defines modules as a list of directories within a
      directory property; see <xref linkend="svn.advanced.externals"/>.</para>

  </sect1>

  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <sect1 id="svn.forcvs.auth">

    <title>Authentication</title>

    <para>With CVS's pserver, you are required to log in to the server
      (using the <command>cvs login</command> command) before
      performing any read or write operation&mdash;you sometimes even
      have to log in for anonymous operations.  With a Subversion
      repository using Apache <command>httpd</command> or
      <command>svnserve</command> as the server, you don't provide any
      authentication credentials at the outset&mdash;if an operation
      that you perform requires authentication, the server will
      challenge you for your credentials (whether those credentials
      are username and password, a client certificate, or even both).
      So if your repository is world-readable, you will not be
      required to authenticate at all for read operations.</para>

    <para>As with CVS, Subversion still caches your credentials on
      disk (in your <filename>~/.subversion/auth/</filename>
      directory) unless you tell it not to by using the
      <option>--no-auth-cache</option> option.</para>

    <para>The exception to this behavior, however, is in the case of
      accessing an <command>svnserve</command> server over an SSH
      tunnel, using the <literal>svn+ssh://</literal> URL scheme.  In
      that case, the <command>ssh</command> program unconditionally
      demands authentication just to start the tunnel.</para>

  </sect1>

  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <!-- ================================================================= -->
  <sect1 id="svn.forcvs.convert">

    <title>Converting a Repository from CVS to Subversion</title>

    <para>Perhaps the most important way to familiarize CVS users with
      Subversion is to let them continue to work on their projects
      using the new system.  And while that can be somewhat
      accomplished using a flat import into a Subversion repository of
      an exported CVS repository, the more thorough solution involves
      transferring not just the latest snapshot of their data, but all
      the history behind it as well, from one system to another.  This
      is an extremely difficult problem to solve; it involves
      deducing changesets in the absence of atomicity and translating
      between the systems' completely orthogonal branching policies,
      among other complications.  Still, a handful of tools claim
      to at least partially support the ability to convert
      existing CVS repositories into Subversion ones.</para>

    <para>The most popular (and mature) conversion tool is
      cvs2svn (<ulink url="http://cvs2svn.tigris.org/"/>), a Python
      program originally created by members of Subversion's own
      development community.  This tool is meant to run exactly once:
      it scans your CVS repository multiple times and attempts to
      deduce commits, branches, and tags as best it can.  When it
      finishes, the result is either a Subversion repository or a
      portable Subversion dump file representing your code's history.
      See the web site for detailed instructions and caveats.</para>

  </sect1>

</appendix>

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r3524 by julianf...@btopenworld.com on May 26, 2009 Diff

Stylistic changes across a few files...

* src/en/book/appb-svn-for-cvs-users.xml,
  src/en/book/appc-webdav.xml,
  src/en/book/ch00-preface.xml,
  src/en/book/ch02-basic-usage.xml,
  src/en/book/ch03-advanced-topics.xml,
  src/en/book/ch04-branching-and-
merging.xml,
  src/en/book/ch05-repository-admin.xml,
  src/en/book/ch06-server-
configuration.xml,
...

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r3292 by cmpilato on Sep 03, 2008 Diff

* src/en/book/ch09-reference.xml,
* src/en/book/ch03-advanced-
topics.xml,
* src/en/book/appb-svn-for-cvs-
users.xml,
...

r3247 by cmpilato on Aug 06, 2008 Diff

* src/en/book/ch09-reference.xml
* src/en/book/appb-svn-for-cvs-
users.xml
* src/en/book/ch05-repository-
admin.xml
...

r3239 by cmpilato on Aug 04, 2008 Diff

Fix various buglets found by a search
for "mime" (lowercase) in the text.

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