• Not Even "Hello World"
• Hello World
• The Standard "help" Command
• Commands Features
• Command Aliases
• TODO

Not Even "Hello World"

#!/usr/bin/env python
import sys
import cmdln

class Conan(cmdln.Cmdln):
    pass

if __name__ == "__main__":
    conan = Conan()
    sys.exit( conan.main() )

This is the absolute bare minimum usage of Cmdln and, predictably, with this you don't get much. But you don't get nothing. Save the above to a file called "conan.py" and try it out. (Or you can download the finished conan.py.):

$ python conan.py
Usage:
    conan.py COMMAND [ARGS...]
    conan.py help [COMMAND]

Options:
    -h, --help  show this help message and exit

Commands:
    help (?)   give detailed help on a specific sub-command

Basically you get help. A good command-line tool should make it easy to figure out how to use the thing. You (mostly) get this for free with cmdln.py. The help message is available (as with most good tools) with the '-h' or '--help' option:

$ python conan.py --help
Usage:
    conan.py COMMAND [ARGS...]
...

And a reasonable error message is shown for incorrect usage:

$ python conan.py -X
conan.py: no such option: -X
Try 'conan.py help' for info.

Good multi-subcommand tools (like 'svn' and 'conan') also provide a 'help' command that is used to learn about the various subcommands. But first we have to add some.

Hello World

#!/usr/bin/env python
import sys
import cmdln

class Conan(cmdln.Cmdln):
    name = "conan"                    # (1)
    def do_hello(self, subcmd, opts): # (2)
        """Conan greets thee"""       # (3)
        print "Ugh!"

if __name__ == "__main__":
    conan = Conan()
    sys.exit( conan.main() )

We've added the "hello" command to Conan's vocabulary. Things to note:

1. A "name" value is used in Cmdln's various standard user messages. Generally you want to specify a name matching the command that users use to invoke your script. If not specified it is inferred from sys.argv.
2. A command is defined with a do_COMMANDNAME method with the following signature:

def do_COMMANDNAME(self, subcmd, opts, ...):
    """help content for the command"""
    ...

More on the ...'s later.

1. A command function's docstring acts as its help string.

$ python conan.py
Usage:
    conan COMMAND [ARGS...]
    conan help COMMAND

Options:
    -h, --help  show this help message and exit

Commands:
    hello      Conan greets thee
    help (?)   give detailed help on a specific sub-command

$ python conan.py hello
Ugh!

The Standard "help" Command

As mentioned above, Cmdln provides a "help" command. The "help" command provides help on other commands:

$ python conan.py help help
help (?): give detailed help on a specific sub-command

conan help COMMAND

$ python conan.py help hello
Conan greets thee

Commands Features

#!/usr/bin/env python
import sys
import cmdln

class Conan(cmdln.Cmdln):
    name = "conan"
    def do_hello(self, subcmd, opts):
        """Conan greets thee"""
        print "Ugh!"

    def do_crush(self, subcmd, opts, enemy):
        print "Crush %s!" % enemy

if __name__ == "__main__":
    conan = Conan()
    sys.exit( conan.main() )

The "hello" command isn't that interesting. Let's work on a "crush" command to show the facilities that Cmdln provides. In the first incarnation "crush" takes one argument:

$ python conan.py crush Trent
Crush Trent!

exactly one argument:

$ python conan.py crush
conan crush: takes exactly 1 argument (0 given)
Try 'conan help crush' for info.

$ python conan.py crush Trent Guido
conan crush: takes exactly 1 argument (2 given)
Try 'conan help crush' for info.

$ python conan.py help crush
conan: no help on 'crush'

We haven't provided any help for the "crush" command. Let's do that:

...
    def do_crush(self, subcmd, opts, enemy):
        """${cmd_name}: crush your enemy!

        ${cmd_usage}                            # (1)
        """
        print "Crush %s!" % enemy
...

Giving us:

$ python conan.py help crush
crush: crush your enemy!

Usage:
    conan crush ENEMY

1. The Cmdln class tries to make it easy for you to write decent help. It provides a number of template variables that you can use in your command help strings. Here we've used ${cmd_usage}. The authoritative list of these is the RawCmdln._help_preprocess method in cmdln.py, but here are some of them:

${name}
    The tool's/shell's name, i.e. 'self.name'.
${option_list}
    A formatted table of options for this shell/tool.
${command_list}
    A formatted table of available sub-commands.
${help_list}
    A formatted table of additional help topics (i.e. 'help_*'
    methods with no matching 'do_*' method).
${cmd_name}
    The name (and aliases) for this sub-command formatted as:
    "NAME (ALIAS1, ALIAS2, ...)".
${cmd_usage}
    A formatted usage block inferred from the command function
    signature.
${cmd_option_list}
    A formatted table of options for this sub-command.

Sometimes you'll want to hardcode your own help strings for better documentation, but often these template vars will do a good enough job.

We probably want Conan to be able to crush many enemies and perhaps use different weapons:

@cmdln.option("-w", "--weapon",                     # (1)
              help="what weapon should Conan use?")
def do_crush(self, subcmd, opts, *enemies):         # (2)
    """${cmd_name}: crush your enemies!

    ${cmd_usage}
    ${cmd_option_list}                              # (3)
    C.f. Conan the Barbarian.
    """
    action = {
        None: "Crush",
        "sword": "Swipe",
        "spear": "Pierce",
        "maul": "Crush",
    }.get(opts.weapon, None)                        # (4)
    if not action:
        print "Conan confused."
    else:
        for enemy in enemies:
            print "%s %s!" % (action, enemy)
        print "Yargh!"

We've changed a few things here:

1. We specified the '-w' option for 'crush'. Every command function has an associated optparser -- which is an instance of cmdln.SubCmdOptionParser (derived from optparse.OptionParser in the Python stdlib). By default each command supports a -h/--help option. More can be added (as we've done here) with the cmdln.option decorator. This is synonymous to calling add_option on the underlying OptionParser as described here.

Note: Decorators were added in Python 2.4 so you'll have to have Python 2.4 or greater to use the option decorator. An alternative is to create your own SubCmdOptionParser instance and assign it to the optparserattribute of the command handler (which is pretty ugly but does the job):

def do_crush(self, subcmd, opts, *enemies):
    # ...
do_foo.optparser = cmdln.SubCmdOptionParser()
do_foo.optparser.add_option(
    "-w", "--weapon",
    help="what weapon should Conan use?")

1. We've changed the function signature to take a number of enemies using Python's syntax for declaring a variable number of arguments. This tells the underlying dispatcher in cmdln.py that crush accepts any number of arguments.
2. We've used the ${cmd_option_list} template variable. This uses optparse's facility to nicely print out the available options and their help strings.
3. The parsed options are given to the third argument -- typically called opts. This is a standard optparse.Values instance.

Let's try it out:

$ python conan.py help crush
crush: crush your enemies!

Usage:
    conan crush [ENEMIES...]

Options:
    -h, --help          show this help message and exit
    -w WEAPON, --weapon=WEAPON
                        what weapon should Conan use?

C.f. Conan the Barbarian.

$ python conan.py crush Trent Guido
Crush Trent!
Crush Guido!
Yargh!

$ python conan.py crush Trent Guido -w spear
Pierce Trent!
Pierce Guido!
Yargh!

$ python conan.py crush Trent Guido -w axe
Conan confused.

$ python conan.py crush Trent Guido -w sword
Swipe Trent!
Swipe Guido!
Yargh!

Command Aliases

With options it is often advisable to have both a long (descriptive) name and a short (convenient) one. The same can be nice with commands. You can use aliases for this. Lets show this with a new command:

...
class Conan(cmdln.Cmdln):
    ...
    @cmdln.alias("what_is_best", "best")
    def do_what_is_best_in_life(self, subcmd, opts):
        """${cmd_name}: Big monologue"""
        print textwrap.dedent("""\
            To crush your enemies,
            see them driven before you,
            and hear the lamentations of the women.""")
...

Here we've defined two aliases for the what_is_best_in_life command: what_is_best and best. These will be shown in the list of commands:

$ python conan.py help
...
Commands:
    crush             crush your enemies!
    hello             Conan greets thee
    help (?)          give detailed help on a specific sub-command
    what_is_best_in_life (best, what_is_best)
                      Big monologue

and in the help just for this command:

$ python conan.py help what_is_best
what_is_best_in_life (what_is_best, best): Big monologue

Note that the standard help command has ? as an alias so that last command could have been written python conan.py ? best.

We can now ask Conan what is best in life:

$ python conan.py best
To crush your enemies,
see them driven before you,
and hear the lamentations of the women.

TODO

Eventually I'll add discussion of the following cmdln.py features in this document. Until then, use the source.

• use "loop" option to main to show creating a shell: control prompt, intro message, error messages
• a different example to show "help_list" and separate help_* commands
• show passing in optparser to main()
• perhaps come back to Conan shell to show overriding the postcmd to make a shell counter: i.e. prompt has an incrementing number
• show usage of CmdlnOptionParser to add more base-level options Explain what is diff about it, i.e. why to use over optparse.OptionParser.
• hidden command _do_*
• "Don't do me any Favours": talk about RawCmdln and (self, argv)-style command signatures